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Report no. 403Jes Callesen 28.10.1998
Porzyme 9300 for finishers
Abstract
Based on this knowledge Finnfeeds has developed an enzyme product designed to improve the nutritive value of cereal grains (e.g. wheat, barley, rye, triticale) and their by-products in diets for grower/finisher pigs. The product (Porzyme 9300) contains a specifically developed xylanase, at high levels, designed to target both the insoluble and soluble fibre fractions of these raw materials. By removing/reducing the interfering effects of these fibres in the ration other raw materials may also potentially be better digested. The purpose of this test was to examine the effect of the product on the production value - expressed as gross margin / pen place / year. The production value was calculated from the production results obtained. Materials and methods This test was carried out in one herd with growers/finishers from 30 to 97 kg. The experimental design is shown in table 2.
Both the grower and the finisher diets were balanced so the content of nutrients complied with the current recommendation ("FOKUS PÅ Næringsstofnormer", 1997, Landsudvalget for Svin, DS). The content of energy was balanced to be 4 FUs higher in the control diet (group 1) than in the experimental diets (group 2 and 3). This was achieved by replacing some of the wheat with wheat-bran in the low-energy feed. The control diet also contained wheat-bran (cf. appendix 1). All diets were produced at Dansk Landbrugs Grovvareselskab (DLG) in Viborg. The composition and content of nutrients of the feed mixtures is shown in appendix 1 and 2 . A description of the product Porzyme 9300 is shown in appendix 3. In all groups the feed was heat treated and pelleted at a minimum temperature of 81 degrees Celsius. Feed was produced three times during the test period. At every delivery all three diets were analysed for content of energy (EFOS), amino acids, calcium, phosphor and copper. Furthermore, a screening for antibiotic activity was performed on all samples of feed. Finally the xylanase-activity was determined in all samples of feed before and after pelleting in order to check for correct addition of the tested enzyme product. The analysis for xylanase-activity were carried out by Finnfeeds. The test was carried out in one herd which had conventional health status, with its own production of piglets. The finisher unit had fully slatted floor. The pigs entered the test at an average live weight of 30 kg. In total there were 360 pigs in the test distributed into 12 blocks (replicates), totalling 120 pigs per treatment. 10 pigs were put in each pen. Each block comprised three pens, where all three groups were represented. At entry the pigs were first divided by sex, and then further divided according to estimated weight into blocks of 30 pigs. Thus e.g. the 30 biggest castrate piglets were allocated at random to the three pens in block 1, the 30 second biggest castrate piglets were allocated at random to the three pens in block 2 etc. The pigs in each pen were fed in single space feeders with a nipple drinker. Furthermore, there was an additional nipple drinker in each pen. The pigs were fed ad libitum and had free access to feed and drinking water. The feed was dispensed manually once or twice a day. The primary recording parameters were weight gain, feed intake, carcass weight and lean meat percentage. Secondary parameters were treatment of diseases and other slaughter data. Data were subjected to an analysis of variance according to the GLM procedure in SAS. The production value - stated as gross margin / pen place / year - was calculated from the production results obtained (primary recording parameters) and was adjusted to the same weight at entry and at slaughter. The gross margin / pen place / year was calculated as:
Other assumptions used to calculate the production value were: The latest 12 months (May 1, 1997 until April 30, 1998) average price for 30 kg MS (health status) pigs (375 DKK per pig, +/-5.19 DKK per kg) and finishers (10.43 DKK per kg carcass, including bonus payment). Various expenses: 20 DKK per pig and a stable utilization of 95 per cent. The used feed price was the same for all groups (Growers diet: 1.29 DKK/FUs; Finishers diet: 1.27 DKK/FUs). All pigs were weighed individually at the start of the test, at the shift from grower to finisher diet approximately 5 weeks later, as well as prior to the first delivery of pigs for slaughter. The purpose of the individual weighing was to determine the variation in daily weight gain within each group, as an expression of the uniformity of the pigs. Furthermore, the total protein consumption per kg of live weight gain and per kg of lean meat gain during the test was calculated from the feed consumption and the analysed content of protein in the feed. The purpose of the calculations was to use them as an indirect expression for the utilization of the protein in the feed. The utilization of nitrogen is reflected in the deposition as live weight gain compared to the nitrogen intake through the feed. Statistically significant differences were stated at 5 per cent level and adjusted for three comparison by a Bonferroni-test. Results and discussion Feed analysis The chemical analysis of the feed is shown in appendix 2. The analysis of the feed showed a good concordance between the analysed and the calculated values. However, the content of energy in all diets was 1-2 FUs below the calculated values. The analysis for xylanase activity in the grower and finisher diets before pelleting showed good concordance with the expected values. In group 2 the calculated values were higher then 4000 U/g and confirmed accurate addition and mixing of the product on each occasion. After pelleting the recoveries of enzyme in group 2 were lower than the values found before pelleting. This finding suggests that the product may be lost during heat treatment and pelleting. However, the product is claimed to be heat stabile (cf. appendix 3), and according to Finnfeeds the lower recoveries after pelleting are not due to a loss, but due to the fact that some of the enzymes bind to the fibres in the feed during the pelleting process. It is suggested that addition of steam during heat treatment and pelleting of feed initiates the enzyme activation process with xylanase specifically targeting the fibre fractions in the feed. As a consequence of this, a part of the added enzymes should form tight bonds to their substrate (fibres), after which they can not be recovered in the following measurement. This activation ceases after drying the pelleted feed. When the pigs eat the feed, thus effectively adding moisture, the enzyme is reactivated in the gut and continues its effects on the fibre fractions. In this test it was not possible to investigate whether this theory is correct or if the product is lost in connection with the pelleting process. Treatment of disease In the control group (group 1) four pigs died, two of them due to digestive disorders. In group 2 and 3 no pigs died during the test. In group 1, 2 and 3; three, two and four pigs, respectively, were removed from test due to other reasons than digestive disorders. An average of approximately 5 per cent of the pigs across all groups were treated for respiratory diseases. There was no difference between the groups in number of deaths and pigs removed or frequency of treatments against disease. Production results The production results are shown in table 3 for the period before and after the intermediate weighing as well as for the whole test period. The results are adjusted to the same weight at entry, intermediate weighing and delivery of the pigs. The average weight at entry, intermediate weighing and delivery was 30, 56 and 97 kg, respectively.
The variation in daily weight gain in each group based on individual weighing of all pigs in the test is shown in table 4.
As it appears from table 4 no statistically significant differences in the variation in daily weight gain between groups expressed in per cent (coefficient of variance) was found. Thus addition of the product Porzyme 9300 to the feed, the result was not more uniform pigs expressed by a reduced variation in daily weight gain. The total protein consumption per kg of live weight gain and per kg of lean meat gain during the test period is shown in table 5. The stated values were calculated using the analysed contents total protein in the respective diets.
The protein consumption for production is an expression of how good the protein in the diet is utilized. A high utilization of the protein is reflected in a low protein consumption per kg of live weight gain and per kg of lean meat gain. The protein consumption per kg of live weight gain states the consumption for total gain, but does not state, whether the metabolised protein is deposited or if it is used for energy metabolism. If the protein is used in the energy metabolism, the nitrogen will be excreted in the urine with adverse effects on the environment. This excretion can be minimized by using raw materials of high quality that is high digestibility and optimal amino acid composition. The protein consumption per kg of live weight gain can only be perceived as a production measure for the total deposition, while the protein consumption per kg of lean meat gain is a production measure for, how well the protein is utilized for lean meat gain. Thus, the protein consumption per kg of lean meat gain is an indirect expression for the excretion of nitrogen to the environment. It appears from table 5 that the protein consumption per kg lean meat gain was about twice as high as the protein consumption per kg live weight gain - in all groups. In protein consumption per kg of live weight gain all groups were significantly different from each other, but lowest (p=0.027) in the control group. This might have been due to a higher energy content in the control diet compared to the experimental groups, whereas the protein content was on the same level in all groups. Interestingly, the protein consumption in the Porzyme-supplemented group (group 2) was lower (p=0.001), compared to the same feed without enzymes (group 3). The same tendency appears for the protein consumption per kg lean meat gain. There was no difference between pigs receiving the control diet (group 1), and pigs in the Porzyme- supplemented group (group 2). However, the protein consumption per kg lean meat gain was significantly highest (p=0.029) for the low-energy diet without enzymes (group 3). This result indicates that the pigs who received the low-energy diet with Porzyme 9300 added (group 2) were able to utilize the nutrients in the feed more efficiently, compared to the pigs who received the low-energy diet without enzymes (group 3). The production value stated as gross margin / pen place / year is shown in table 6.
The production value is calculated from the production results obtained at the same feed price per FUs for all groups. Thus the price for addition of Porzyme 9300 was not included. The low-energy diet with Porzyme 9300 added (group 2) resulted in a significantly (p=0.048) higher production value, compared to the same diet without enzymes added (group 3). This difference was mainly due to a better feed conversion in the period after intermediate weighing. The production values for the two groups (group 2 and 3) did - in both cases - not differ statistically significant, compared to the control group (group 1). The improved feed conversion in group 2 compared to group 3, supports the theory that the addition of Porzyme 9300 (xylanase) enables pigs to utilize the encapsulated nutrients and/or improve the digestibility of cereal based diets (cf. Background). Table 6 also shows the actual gross margins. The actual gross margins were calculated on the basis of the actual price of the feed in all three groups. The cost of the low-energy diet (group 2 and 3) was - based on the composition of raw materials - 5.75 DKK per 100 kg lower than the price of the control diet (group 1). Furthermore, in group 2 the "gross sales price" of the product (Porzyme 9300) was added to the actual price of the feed. The "gross sales price" of the product was supplied by Finnfeeds and reflects the typical price that a pig producer has to pay for the product including profit to the feed company. As it appears from table 3 the difference between group 2 and 3 was reduced from 7 to 4 index points, when the price of the product Porzyme 9300 was added to the price of the feed. In group 3 (without Porzyme 9300) the actual gross margin was higher (661 DKK) than the calculated production value (658 DKK). This was due to the fact that the feed cost in group 3 was lower than in the control group (group 1). Overall the test showed that the pigs who received Porzyme 9300 were able to utilize a low-energy diet - with a high content of wheat-bran - more efficiently than pigs who received the same low-energy diet without enzymes added (group 3). This was expressed by a higher production value as well as a better utilization of the protein content in the feed. The results obtained on the feed with Porzyme 9300 added were not, on any of the recorded parameters, different from the results obtained on the control diet. Appendix 1 Growers, mixes ingredients percentage
Finishers, mixes ingredients percentage
Appendix 2 Calculated and analysed content of nutrients in the mixes for growers - one delivery during the test
Calculated and analysed content of nutrients in the mixes for finishers - two deliveries during the test
Appendix 3 - Product description bases on company information
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