Report no. 398
Jes Callesen
01.08.1998
Albac for finishers
Abstract
One commercial growth promoter ALBAC was tested in two doses for
finishers.
The purpose of the trial was - except from testing the product
under Danish conditions also to collect material for an EU
application. The purpose of the EU application is to get an
approval for usage of 50 ppm zinkbacitracin (Albac) in the whole
period from 30 kg BW to slaughter. At the moment Albac is only
allowed to be used in a dose of 20 ppm in the period from 16 weeks
of age and until slaughter.
Albac was tested for finishers from 28 to 102 kg live weight in one
herd and was compared to a control group without growth promoters.
In the period from 16 weeks until slaughter the dose of Albac was
50 or 20 ppm, respectively. In the trial there were 12 repetitions
and in total 120 pigs per group.
The trial included the following treatments:
- Control feed without growth promoter
- 50 mg Albac per kg feed until 16 weeks of age and 20 mg Albac per
kg feed from 16 weeks until slaughter
- 50 mg Albac per kg feed.
This trial was carried out in cooperation with Alpharma, who
supplied the product for testing. This trial was carried out before
the voluntary agreement on stop for use of antibiotic growth
promoters for finishers in Denmark, agreed between pig producers
and slaughterhouses on March 1, 1998.
The chemical analysis of the feed showed a good concordance with
the calculated nutritional content.
The production value of the individual diets was calculated from
the production results and stated as gross margin per pen per year
at equal price for the feed irrespective of addition of growth
promoter.
The trial showed that addition of Albac to finisher feed did not
result in any significant effect on the production value when
compared to the control group without growth promoter, irrespective
of dosage. An increase in the dose of Albac from 20 to 50 mg per kg
feed in the period from 16 weeks of age and until slaughter did not
result in an increase in the production value.
Background
The purpose of the trial was - except from testing the product
under Danish conditions also to collect material for an EU
application. The purpose of the EU application is to get an
approval for usage of 50 ppm zinkbacitracin (Albac) in the whole
period from 30 kg BW to slaughter. At the moment Albac is only
allowed to be used in a dose of 20 ppm in the period from 16 weeks
of age and until slaughter.
The effect of the product was measured on the production results:
feed conversion, daily weight gain and lean meat percentage.
This trial was carried out before the voluntary agreement on stop
for use of antibiotic growth promoters for finishers in Denmark,
agreed between pig producers and slaughterhouses on March 1,
1998.
Matherials and methods
This trial was carried out in one herd with finishers, where
addition of Albac was compared to a control feed without growth
promoter. Two different doses of Albac in the period from 16 weeks
of age and until slaughter was also compared. The experimental
design is shown in table 1.
|
Table 1 Experimental design
|
|
Group
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
|
Insertion to 16 weeks
|
Control
|
50 ppm Albac
|
50 ppm Albac
|
|
16 weeks to slaughter
|
Control
|
20 ppm Albac
|
50 ppm Albac
|
All feed mixtures were produced at Aarhusegnens Andels
Grovvareforening a.m.b.a. The composition of the feed mixtures is
shown in appendix 1 and 2 . A description of the product Albac is
shown in appendix 3. In all groups the feed was heat treated and
pelleted at a minimum temperature of 81 degrees Celsius. The feed
was produced for pigs from insertion until the age of 16 weeks
(growing pigs) in 1 batch. The feed for pigs from the age of 16
weeks until slaughter (finishing pigs) was produced in two batches.
At every delivery all tree mixes were tested for content of energy
(EFOS), amino acids, calcium, phosphor and copper.
The test was carried out in a herd, which had conventional health
status, with a sow herd and production of piglets. The pens were
with fully slatted floor. The pigs were fed in single pig feed
dispensers containing a drinking nipple and there was an extra
drinking nipple in each pen. The pigs were fed ad libitum and had
free access to drinking water. The feed was dispensed manually once
or twice each day. The pigs entered the trial at an average live
weight of 28 kg. In total there were 360 pigs in the trial
distributed in 12 blocks (repetitions), in total 120 pigs per
treatment. There were 10 pigs per pen, within each pen the pigs had
the same sex.
Feed intake, daily weight gain, slaughter data and treatment of
diseases were recorded. The pigs were weighted at delivery and at
the age of 16 weeks when the feed was changed. The primary
parameters in the analysis of production value were daily weight
gain, feed conversion rate, carcass weight and lean meat
percentage. As secondary parameters - registration of treatment of
diseases as well as dead were analysed.
Data were subjected to an analysis of variance according to GLM
procedure in SAS. The production value stated as gross margin per
pen per year was calculated based on the production results
achieved and was adjusted to the same weight at entry and at
slaughter. The gross margin was calculated as:
Gross margin per pig | = | Sales price - purchase price - feed expenses - various
expenses | Gross margin per pen per year | = | Gross margin per pig * (365 days/feeding days per pig) * per
cent utilization of herd. |
The purchase price for piglets was 411 DKK per 30 kg piglet and the
sales price was 11.29 DDK/kg inclusive bonus payment. These prices
were estimated as an average of the prices the last 12 months. The
feed prices used were 1.33 and 1.32 DKK per FUs for growers and
finishers, respectively, and was calculated as an average of the
prices the last 12 months. The utilization of the pens were
calculated as 95 per cent.
The following class variables were included in the statistical
model: block and group. Statistically significant differences are
stated at 5 per cent level. Statistically significant differences
are stated at 5 per cent level and are corrected for the tree
comparison in pairs (group 1 with group 2 and 3, and group 2 with
group 3) by a Bonferroni-test.
Results and discussion
Feed analysis
The chemical analysis of the feed is shown in appendix 1 and 2.
Both the feed for pigs until 16 weeks of age and for pigs from 16
weeks of age until slaughter was formulated to have a content of
essential amino acids 5 per cent above the current recommendations,
to counteract fluctuations in the amino acid content in the raw
material. The chemical content of the feed for growers, did show a
good concordance with the calculated values. Failure in the
analysis resulted in lack of analysis of the copper content. The
feed for finishers also showed good concordance with the calculated
values.
Treatment of disease
In the control group one pig died. In the control group and
group 2 four pigs were taken out of the trial due to other reasons
than digestible disorders. Averagely 9 per cent of the pigs were
treated for respiratory diseases and 3 per cent were treated for
leg problems. There were no difference between the groups in
frequency of treatments.
Production results
The production results are shown for the periods both before
and after the intermediate weighting as well as for the whole
experimental period (table 2). The results are stated as average,
corrected to the same weight at insertion and at slaughter.
Table 2. Production results corrected to the same weight at
entry, at intermediate weighting and at delivery. | Product | 1
Control without growth promoter | 2
Albac
50/20 ppm | 3
Albac
50/50 ppm | Number of blocks (replications)
Number of pigs delivered | 12
115 | 12
116 | 12
120 | 28-58 kg:
Daily feed intake, FUs
Daily weight gain, g
FUs per kg weight gain |
1.81
773
2.34
|
1.86
800
2.33
|
1.89
811
2.33
| 58-102 kg:
Daily feed intake. FUs
Daily weight gain, g
FUs per kg weight gain |
2.67
904
2.95
|
2.74
934
2.94
|
2.73
935
2.92
| 28-102 kg:
Daily feed intake, FUs
Daily weight gain, g
FUs per kg weight gain
Lean meat percentage |
2.27
844
2.69
60.6
|
2.35
874
2.68
60.3
|
2.35
878
2.68
60.2
|
The production values stated as gross margin per pen place per year
are shown in table 3. The production values were calculated on the
basis of the production results observed (daily weight gain, FUs
per kg weight gain and lean meat content) at a feed price of 1.33
and 1.32 DKK per FUs for growers and finishers, respectively. The
price for addition of Albac is not included.
Table 3. Production value and gross margin at actual
prices | Product | 1
Control without
growth promoter | 2
Albac
50/20 ppm | 3
Albac
50/50 ppm | Production value:
Gross margin/pen place/year 1), DKK 2)
Index 2) |
820a
100
|
847a
103
|
856a
104
| Actual gross margin 3)
Index | 820
100 | 840
102 | 845
103 |
1) | Daily weight gain and feed conversion rate is adjusted to the
same weight at entry and at slaughter | 2)
| Significant difference (at 5 per cent level) when the control
group is compared with group 2 and 3, and group 2 compared to group
3: Gross margin per pen place per year minimum 59 DKK or index: 7
points. | 3)
| There is not performed a statistical calculation on the
differences in the gross margin at the actual prices. The actual
gross margin was calculated based on the sales prices of Albac. |
Addition of Albac for growing and finishing pigs did not show any
significant difference in the production value, irrespective of
dosing, when compared to the control group without antibiotic
growth promoter. There was neither a significant difference in
production value comparing a dose of 20 and 50 mg/kg for finishers
(16 weeks until slaughter).
The actual gross margin where the gross sales price of Albac has
been added to the price according to dose is stated in table 3. The
applied price was stated by the supplier of Albac, Orffa Danmark,
and reflects the price the pig producer has to pay for the product,
inclusive profit, from the feedstuff companies.
Appendix 1
Grower, mixes ingredients percentage
Group | 1
Control | 2 and 3
Albac 50 ppm | Wheat | 45.73 | 47.83 | Barley | 18.97 | 16.19 | Soya meal toasted | 23.49 | 23.43 | Rape meal double low | 6.00 | 6.00 | Animal fat | 2.21 | 2.20 | Molasses sugar canes | 1.00 | 1.00 | Chalk | 0.95 | 0.95 | Dicalciumphosphate | 0.85 | 0.85 | NaCl | 0.47 | 0.47 | L-lysine 99 % | 0.09 | 0.09 | Methionine 40 %. | 0.08 | 0.08 | Vitamins-/ minerals | 0.16 | 0.16 | Albac (premix) 1) | - | 0.75 | 1) Albac was added as premix containing 6.667 mg/kg in wheat
bran. |
Finishers, mixes ingredients percentage
Group | 1
Control | 2
Albac 20 ppm | 3
Albac 50 ppm | Wheat | 38.69 | 38.58 | 38.51 | Barley | 29.03 | 28.93 | 28.88 | Soya meal toasted | 17.85 | 17.82 | 17.76 | Rape meal double low | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | Molasses sugar canes | 3.00 | 3.00 | 2.75 | Animal fat | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | Chalk | 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.90 | Dicalciumphosphate | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.79 | NaCl | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.40 | L-lysine 99 % | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | Methionine 40 %. | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | Vitamins-/ minerals | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | Albac (premix) 1) | - | 0.30 | 0.75 | 1) Albac was added as premix containing 6.667 mg/kg in wheat
bran. |
Appendix 2
Calculated and analysed nutritional content of the mixes for
growers - one delivery
Group:
Mix: | - | 1
Control | 2 and 3
Albac 50 ppm | Calculated / analysed 1) | Calculated | Analysed | Analysed | FUs per. 100 kg 2) | 110 | 111 | 111 | Crude protein, % 2) | 19.3 | 20.0 | 20.0 | Lysine. g/kg | 10.1 | 11.4 | 10.6 | Methionine. g/kg | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 | Threonine. g/kg | 6.9 | 7.4 | 7.2 | Calcium. g/kg | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.3 | Total-phosphorus. g/kg | 5.6 | 6.4 | 6.3 | Cobber. mg/kg | 27 | - 3) | 22 | Albac. mg/kg 2) | 0 / 50 | <5 | 50 | 1) Analysed content are on behalf of one analysis, if nothing
else is mentioned.
2) Average of four analyses.
3) Not analysed. |
Calculated and analysed nutritional content of the mixes for
finishers - two deliveries
Group:
Mix: | - | 1
Control | 2
Albac 20 ppm | 3
Albac 50 ppm | Calculated / analysed 1) | Calculated | Analysed | Analysed | Analysed | FUs per 100 kg 2) | 105 | 105 | 106 | 106 | Crude protein, % 2) | 17.9 | 18.2 | 18.5 | 18.4 | Lysine, g/kg | 8.8 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 9.5 | Methionine, g/kg | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.9 | Threonine, g/kg | 6.4 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.7 | Calcium, g/kg | 7.5 | 7.9 | 7.1 | 6.3 | Total-phosphorus. g/kg | 5.4 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.7 | Cobber, mg/kg | 25 | 33 | 26 | 23 | Albac, mg/kg 3) | 0 / 20 / 50 | <5 | 18 | 47 | 1) Analysed content is an average of two analyses, if nothing
else is mentioned.
2) Average of four analyses
3) Average of six analyses |
Appendix 3 - Product description based on company
information
Product: | Albac Granulated 15% | Supplier:
| Alpharma, Animal Health Division, USA
c/o Orffa Danmark
Jacob Gades Allé 4a
DK-6600 Vejen
Denmark
Phone: +45 75 36 19 99 | Contents:
| Albac contains 150 gram zinkbacitracin E 700 per kg and is an
antibacterial feed additive. Albac is a dried precipitated
fermentation product, obtained by culturing Bacillus
licheniformis Tracy, sold as a granulated grey product. The
diluent used is fine calcium carbonate. The average particle size
is approx. 400µm. The product is stable in the dried form for 36
month. | Price: | 1.50 DKK per 100 kg feed when the dosage is 50 mg/kg and 0.70
DKK per 100 kg feed when the dosage is 20 mg/kg. |
En forkortelse af Parts per million (fx er 1 ppm er lig med 0,000001). En måleenhed som fx svarer til indhold af et stof i mg/kg af varen.
Toastning betyder opvarmning til 100-115 ºC i 20 minutter. En toastning reducerer indholdet af skadelige stoffer i en råvare.
Forkortelse af: World Health Organization.
|
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